what is forex

Foreign Exchange (FOREX) is the arena where a nation's currency is exchanged for that of another. The foreign exchange market is the largest financial market in the world, with the equivalent of over $1.9 trillion changing hands daily; more than three times the aggregate amount of the US Equity and Treasury markets combined. Unlike other financial markets, the Forex market has no physical location and no central exchange (off-exchange). It operates through a global network of banks, corporations and individuals trading one currency for another. The lack of a physical exchange enables the Forex market to operate on a 24-hour basis, spanning from one zone to another in all the major financial centers.

forex video tutorial

The Foreign Exchange Market

The Foreign Exchange Market goes by many names—Currency Exchange, Foreign Exchange, Forex, FX—but no matter the term, it is simply the trading of one currency against another. Currencies are traded in the form of currency pairs with pricing based on exchange rates and spreads established by participants in the forex market.

History

The FX market is an inter-bank or inter-dealer network first established in 1971 when many of the world’s major currencies moved towards floating exchange rates. It is considered an over-the-counter (OTC) market, meaning that transactions are not conducted on an exchange like some equity stock markets such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the Chicago Options Board Exchange (CBOE) where options and futures are traded. OTC trades exist as agreements made between two parties that agree to trade via telephone or electronic network.As FX trading has evolved, several locations have emerged as market leaders. Currently, London, England contributes the greatest share of transactions with over 32% of the total trades. Other trading centers—listed in order of volume— are New York, Tokyo, Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Paris, and Sydney.Because these trading centers cover most of the major time zones, FX trading is a true 24-hour market that operates five days a week. For example, as a trader in New York, you have access to the FX market starting Sunday evening when the market opens in Sydney for the start of the trading week. Trading centers around the globe then come online until New York closes at 4:30 PM EST. Of course, by this time, Sydney will have reopened for the next trading day so you can continue to trade around the clock until the New York close on Friday.

History

The FX market is an inter-bank or inter-dealer network first established in 1971 when many of the world’s major currencies moved towards floating exchange rates. It is considered an over-the-counter (OTC) market, meaning that transactions are not conducted on an exchange like some equity stock markets such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the Chicago Options Board Exchange (CBOE) where options and futures are traded. OTC trades exist as agreements made between two parties that agree to trade via telephone or electronic network.As FX trading has evolved, several locations have emerged as market leaders. Currently, London, England contributes the greatest share of transactions with over 32% of the total trades. Other trading centers—listed in order of volume— are New York, Tokyo, Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Paris, and Sydney.Because these trading centers cover most of the major time zones, FX trading is a true 24-hour market that operates five days a week. For example, as a trader in New York, you have access to the FX market starting Sunday evening when the market opens in Sydney for the start of the trading week. Trading centers around the globe then come online until New York closes at 4:30 PM EST. Of course, by this time, Sydney will have reopened for the next trading day so you can continue to trade around the clock until the New York close on Friday.

Why Do We Need to Exchange Currencies?

Individuals and organizations exchange currencies whenever they require foreign goods or services. A trading market has developed around these needs, and hedging practices refined.Historically, the forex trading market centered around central banks, commercial financial institutions, and multinational corporations. However, with the advent of web-based trading applications such as OANDA’s FXTrade, small retail traders and even individuals now participate directly in the forex market on equal footing with these large institution

Forex Market Size

The FX market has become the world’s largest financial market, and it is not uncommon to see over $3 trillion US traded each day. By contrast, the NYSE— the world’s largest equity market with daily trading volumes in the $60 to $80 billion dollar range—is positively dwarfed when compared to the FX market. Even when combining the US bond and equity markets, total daily volumes still do not come close to the values traded on the currency market.

Who Uses Forex?

Individuals and organizations require forex at various times.

Consumers and Travelers

Consumers typically come into contact with currency exchange when they travel or purchase items from foreign vendors.Travelers must go to a bank or currency exchange bureau to convert one currency (typically, their "home currency") into another (i.e., the currency of the country they intend to travel to) so they can pay for goods and services in the foreign country. Travellers need to be aware of exchange rates to ensure they receive a fair deal. OANDA.com provides various conversion tools to help them.Consumers may purchase goods in a foreign country or via the Internet with their credit card, in which case they will find that the amount they paid in the foreign currency will have been converted to their home currency on their credit card statement.Although each consumer currency exchange is a relatively small transaction, the aggregate of all such transactions is significant.

Businesses

Businesses typically need to convert currencies when they conduct business outside their home country. For example, if they export goods to another country and receive payment in the currency of that foreign country, then the payment must typically be converted back to the home currency. Similarly, if they have to import goods or services, then businesses will often have to pay in a foreign currency, requiring them to first convert their home currency into the foreign currency.Large companies convert huge amounts of currency; for example, a company such as General Electric (GE) converts tens of billions of dollars each year. The timing of when they convert can have a large affect on their balance sheet and "bottom line, and many businesses use hedging strategies to ensure they do not incur losses over time due to currency market volatility.

Investors and Speculators

Investors and speculators require currency exchange whenever they trade in any foreign investment, be it equities, bonds, bank deposits, or real estate. For example, when a Swedish investor buys shares in Sun Microsystems on the NASDAQ, she will have to pay for the shares in U.S. Dollars and likely have to convert Swedish Krona to U.S. Dollars. Similarly, a Japanese real estate investor who sells a New York property may want to convert the proceeds of the sale in U.S. Dollars to Japanese Yen.Investors and speculators also trade currencies directly in order to benefit from movements in the currency exchange markets. For example, if an American investor believes that the Japanese economy is strengthening and as a result expects the Japanese Yen to appreciate in value (i.e., go up relative to other currencies), then she may want to buy Japanese Yen and take what is referred to as a long position. Similarly, if an American investor believes that the Euro will go down over time, then she may want to sell Euro to take a short position. Interestingly, investors and speculators can profit equally from currencies becoming stronger (by taking a long position) or from currencies becoming weaker (by taking a short position).Speculators are often day traders, trying to take advantage of market movements in very short time periods; buying a currency and then selling it again within hours or even minutes. They are attracted to currency trading for numerous reasons, including (i) the size and daily volatility of the market, which provides some individuals with an unparalleled level of excitement, (ii) the almost perfect liquidity of the currency exchange market, (iii) the fact that the currency exchange market is "open" 24 hours a day, and (vi) the fact that currencies can be traded with no brokerage charges.

Commercial and Investment Banks

Commercial and investment banks trade currencies as a service for their commercial banking, deposit and lending customers. These institutions also generally participate in the currency market for hedging and proprietary trading purposes.

Governments and Central Banks

Governments and central banks trade currencies to improve trading conditions or to intervene in an attempt to adjust economic or financial imbalances. Although they do not trade for speculative reasons—they are non-profit organizations—they often tend to be profitable, since they generally trade on a long-term basis.

Benefits of Currency Trading vs. Equity Trading

Historically, currency trading has been a “closed” market, reserved primarily for major banks, multi-national corporations, and other large organizations. These institutions trade in large transaction sizes and high volumes and it has been next to impossible for smaller-scale, individual investors to participate in an equal and competitive manner.
This all changed however, as new technologies such as OANDA's proprietary FXTrade platform have made it possible for smaller investors to participate directly in the forex market. By lowering these traditional barriers, the forex marketplace is now open to a new group of forex investors.Forex trading is rapidly winning favour as an alternative investment opportunity thanks not only to new trading tools pioneered by OANDA, but also because forex trading has several inherent benefits when compared to equity trading. This page lists some of these benefits.

Continuous, 24-hour trading

The currency exchange market is a true 24-hour market, operating five days a week. Equity trading, on the other hand, is restricted to the operating hours of the various equity exchanges. While after-hours trading for equities has become available to a limited degree through some electronic communication networks (ECNs), there are no guarantees that liquidity will be maintained after-hours or that trades can executed at true “market prices”.

High liquidity and greater efficiency

Key to any efficient market is high liquidity. After all, as a trader, you want to know that you have an active market with plenty of buyers and sellers looking to participate. Trading volumes in the currency market can be one hundred times larger than that of the New York Stock Exchange, and daily dollar amounts traded in foreign currency approaches $3 trillion compared to less than $100 billion for the NYSE. High volumes and “round-the-clock” trading ensures an active market for currency traders and greater liquidity.
The incredible volumes traded in the FX market also contribute to the integrity of the market—it is virtually impossible for an individual or group to manipulate prices. Compare this to the equity markets, where large price movements can be triggered with no warning should a major holder of a stock suddenly decide to reduce their holdings.

Intra-day volatility

FX trading is centered around a handful of currency pairs referred to colloquially as the big seven. The high volume and liquidity combined with fewer active instruments generates greater intra-day volatility than the equity markets where hundreds of stocks are actively traded. It is this volatility that can be profitability exploited by forex traders

Low spreads

Currency trading offers spreads that are much lower than what can be obtained when buying or selling equities, especially during after-hours trading. Although exceptionally tight currency spreads were previously reserved for transactions involving $1 million or more, a shift towards tighter spreads for smaller transactions is gaining traction. Again, OANDA's FXTrade is an industry leader in offering tight spreads regardless of the size of the trade.

Margin-based leverage

Leverage—or margin based trading—makes it possible for FX market participants to submit trades valued considerably higher than the deposits in their trading accounts. Typically, margin ratios for trading currencies are higher than those permitted for equities, and this is primarily attributable to the higher level of liquidity within the currency markets.To illustrate the power of leverage provided through the use of margin, consider a margin ratio of 20:1 coupled with a trading account containing $10,000. This means that you could trade amounts up to $200,000! Trading in larger volumes allows you to take better advantage of even small price movements (but can also dramatically increases your risk). Read about OANDA's margin policy.

Profit potential regardless of market direction

By definition, an investor with an open forex position is long one currency and short another. If you determine that a currency is about to fall in value, then you can sell that currency short and go long with another currency. No matter whether you buy or sell a currency pair, however, every trade you make involves the buying of one currency and the selling of another. Therefore, potential exists in the FX market regardless of whether the market is moving up or down.
Short-selling is much less common in the equity markets and there are many rules and regulations that you must abide by when shorting stock. This can make it difficult for you to take advantage of a declining share price or market trend. These same restrictions do not apply to the FX market, thereby allowing you to gain no matter which direction the market heads.

No commissions or transaction costs

A currency transaction typically incurs no commission or transaction fee outside of the quoted spread. This is in stark contrast to the equity market, where commissions for stock trades can range anywhere from $8 to $70 per trade, in addition to the quoted spread.

Trading Styles

Currency traders make decisions by analyzing technical factors and economic fundamentals. Traders must decide which style and/or combination of analysis works best for them.

Technical Traders

Technical traders make their decisions using two primary tools:Charting tools (trend lines, support and resistance levels, etc,)Quantitive Trading Models (mathematical analysis to identify trading opportunities).The goal of a technical analysis is to study historical data or past behavior of the market in order to predict future market movements. Traders may using their own charts and/or models, or use those developed by third-party providers.

Fundamental Traders

Fundamental traders analyze key economic data, including news and government reports, to evaluate trading opportunities. They believe that currency exchange rates are affected primarily by economic and political conditions, and occasionally by central banks intervening in the currency markets in an attempt to influence the value of their currencies.Some of the key figures tracked by fundamental traders include interest rates, inflation, trade balance, GDP (Gross Domestic Product), CPI (Consumer Price Index), PPI (Producer Price Index), capacity utilization, factory orders, durable goods orders, inventories, and employment statistics. They are also constantly evaluating the potential impact of military conflicts, natural disasters, and changes in political leadership.Another factor that often influences trading decisions is market sentiment. Traders often read news, analyst reports, and Web site bulletin boards to get a sense of the general market sentiment and then trade either with or against that sentiment.